Rozprawa naukowa nr 431

Rozpoznanie rynku tartacznych produktów ubocznych wskazuje, że zapotrzebowanie na odpady drzewne i wytwarzane z nich paliwa powstałe na ich bazie będzie systematycznie rosło (stała przewaga ofert kupna odpadów nad ofertami sprzedaży). Prognozy te wynikają przede wszystkim z konieczności wypełnienia zobowiązań unijnych w zakresie udziału energii odnawialnej w końcowym (finalnym) zużyciu energii brutto. W Polsce, w strukturze pozyskania energii odnawialnej dominuje biomasa. Jej najłatwiej dostępnym i szczególnie cennym dla energetyki rodzajem jest drewno, produkty uboczne z jego przerobu oraz powstałe na ich bazie paliwa drzewne. Zainteresowanie drewnem jako nośnikiem energii wynika również z jego konkurencyjności cenowej wobec wielu paliw konwencjonalnych. Cena odgrywa bowiem dużą rolę w podejmowaniu decyzji
zakupowych, zwłaszcza w przypadku gospodarstw domowych. Na wzrost popytu na drzewne pozostałości poprodukcyjne może też wpłynąć konieczność dywersyfikacji źródeł energii, szczególnie w warunkach – dotkliwej ostatnio – niepewności dostaw ważnych dla Polski nośników energii: gazu ziemnego i ropy naftowej.

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1. Wprowadzenie
2. Hipoteza badawcza
3. Cel pracy
4. Zakres pracy
5. Metodyka pracy

6. Przegląd literatury
6.1. Gospodarka odpadami w świetle uregulowań unijnych. Odpady a produkty uboczne
6.2. Podstawy prawne dotyczące wykorzystywania odnawialnych źródeł energii
6.3. Funkcjonowanie i rozwój rynku odnawialnych źródeł energii
6.4. Biomasa jako źródło energii odnawialnej
6.5. Drzewne paliwa ekologiczne
6.6. Przerób tartacznych produktów ubocznych na paliwa ekologiczne
6.7. Uwarunkowania rozwoju produkcji paliw ekologicznych w Polsce

7. Wyniki badań i ich analiza
7.1. Klasyfikacja tartaków według wielkości przetarcia
7.2. Bilans tartacznych produktów ubocznych w przedsiębiorstwach skategoryzowanych według wielkości przetarcia
7.3. Analiza rynku tartacznych produktów ubocznych w Polsce

8. Opracowanie formuły umożliwiającej racjonalizację wykorzystania strumienia odpadów drzewnych w tartakach sklasyfi kowanych w grupach
według wielkości przetarcia
8.1. Przerób produktów ubocznych na drzewne paliwa ekologiczne: granulat drzewny i brykiety drzewne
8.2. Przerób na energię

9. Kalkulacja jednostkowych kosztów produkcji paliw ekologicznych
9.1. Wprowadzenie
9.2. Kalkulacja kosztów produkcji granulatu drzewnego
9.3. Kalkulacja kosztów produkcji brykietów drzewnych
9.4. Ustalenie możliwych do osiągnięcia cen sprzedaży granulatu i brykietów powstałych na bazie drzewnych produktów ubocznych

10. Zastosowanie formuły racjonalizującej wykorzystanie strumienia produktów ubocznych
10.1. Wprowadzenie
10.2. Wyznaczenie wartości tartacznych produktów ubocznych w przerobie na paliwa ekologiczne i energię
10.3. Analiza wartości tartacznych produktów ubocznych w przerobie na rozpatrywane produkty w porównaniu z ich ceną w stanie
nieprzetworzonym
10.4. Wielopłaszczyznowa analiza porównawcza opłacalności różnych kierunków zagospodarowania tartacznych produktów ubocznych
oraz weryfikacja hipotezy badawczej

11. Wnioski
12. Literatura
13. Streszczenie
14. Aneks

The paper presents a complex method of pricing wood by-products which are processed into eco-fuels and energy. This method facilitates the choice of the most profitable product from the point of view of a particular sawmill and the way it utilizes its postproduction by-products forming the basis for the selection of utilization structure. This method may also be used when evaluating profitability of production undertaken as the main activity, when the entrepreneur relies on the purchased raw material. Its chief aim is to determine the value of individual types of sawmill residue: sawdust, paper and defibered chips as well waste wood of various moisture, when processed into wooden pellets and briquettes or directly into energy, and then comparing it with market prices of wooden residue from which the products under analysis were made.
Apart from the basic formula for pricing sawmill by-products being processed into ecological fuels and energy this method embraces a number of indicators facilitating the multi-level analysis of the profitability of processing postproduction by-products as an alternative for selling it unrefined. Among them there is break-even margin, maximum cost of processing, maximum cost of purchasing by-products assigned for further processing, maximum distance from which raw material will be delivered that can be accepted by the producer, as well as the price of the final product. In case of a sawmill, determining the value of wood by-products being processed into energy in accordance with the described formula, means determining the profitability factor of exchanging a specific source of energy for postproduction wood. In case of an entrepreneur generating energy from wooden biomass whose aim is to sell it afterwards this method allows to determine not only the possibility of reaching an expected net profit margin through determining the value of individual types of processed biomass and comparing it with purchase price of the material burnt but also determining the lowest, yet accepted by the producer, price of purchasing energy by energy plant.
The work presents a practical implementation of described method. After determining unit price of manufacturing the products in question through refining the analyzed types of wood by-products, their value was determined. It has been proved that significantly higher increase of value of wood by-product being processed is gained by those who refine the by-products in the place where they have been created via excluding the costs of transporting them. Postproduction residue which is processed into wooden briquettes possesses the highest value while that turned into pellet is only slightly less profitable. The least profitable is processing wood by-products into energy. With an exception of defibered chips of  50% of moisture burning of which is competitive to the production of pellet and if it means covering the cost of transport even to the production of briquettes. Also using sawdust of 50% moisture for heating purposes away from the place where it has been created is economically more attractive than using it for pellet production.
It has been verified that in case of briquettes production the highest level of break-even margin that is 37,3% is obtained by the producer who uses waste wood. The least profitable for production are chips of 50% moisture. In comparison with the entrepreneur who buys wooden by products for processing those who do not have to bear the cost of transport their owner may obtain margin which is 4,7% higher in case of waste wood up to 9% higher in case of sawdust of 50% moisture. While the maximum net price margin for pellet is on average 7,6% lower including the cost of transport or 8% lower excluding that cost compared with the profitability of processing postproduction by-products into briquettes. The owner of wooden waste wood will be able to obtain margin similar to that obtained by the entrepreneur buying the raw material for the production of briquettes. Its value when processed into pellet on the line with production capacity of 8t/h is similar to its value when processed into briquettes produced on the line of production capacity of 1t/h.
Using break even margin it has been proved that the highest profitability when processed into energy is obtained from defibered chips of 50% moisture (mgr = 26,8%) and sawdust of the same moisture level (mgr = 25,3%), which are burnt at the place of their creation. When energy producer obtains raw material break even margin decreases by 4,9% and 2,7% respectively. The owner of pulp chips of 25% moisture (mgr = 1,3%) will be operating on the verge of profitability. Adding cost of transport means that processing that material into energy ceases to be profitable (mgr = –2,6%).
With the assistance of subsequent indicators presented mechanisms have been proved: the highest profitability of waste wood and the lowest profitability of dump pulp chips, being processed both into briquettes and pellet as well as the highest profitability of processing into energy defibered chips of 50% moisture and the lowest of pulp chips of 25% moisture. It has been proved that the most recommended for processing into:
– pellet are: dry sawdust and pulp chips due to very little difference in the maximum possible to obtain margin due to a high quality of the product (lack of bark pollutants), which can be sold at a higher than average sales price,
– briquettes: are defibered chips of 25% moisture and waste wood of the same moisture level, due to significantly higher than in case of pellet production profi tability and lower quality requirements from the final product,
– energy: are sawdust and defibered chips of 50% moisture, due to the highest, possible to be obtained in the analyzed cases, margin.
As the result of the research carried out the main part of the hypothesis has been proven namely that the refining process of sawmill by-products enhances their value. While the findings concerning processing into briquettes disproved initial assumption that the most profitable way of utilizing postproduction leftovers is pellet production. Equalization of prices of briquettes and pellet combined with visibly higher costs of producing the later connected to the need for higher level of investment led to the change in previously observed tendencies. However due to wider prospects of market development for that thoroughly modern ecological fuel undertaking pellet production may in the long run occur to be less risky than briquettes production. The possibility of fully-automated burning process as well as lower than in case of briquettes cost of obtaining usable heat unit increases the competitive supremacy of pellet. Small increase of its price or decrease in the price of wooden briquettes will verify present research results. Pellet producers will find it easier than the producers of briquettes to expand onto, not only price-wise attractive but also quality demanding, European pellet markets but also onto domestic markets where consumers’ decisions are mainly economically driven.